Who's To Blame For The Obesity Epidemic?

Allow me a rant:


Are you blaming yourself for being overweight? Don’t. It’s not your fault.


You grew up in schools that trained you to like processed foods.


You followed medical guidelines that told you to eat more carbs.


You followed government guidelines that told you to avoid healthy fats.


Are we going to blame you for the fact that 70% of grocery store shelves are stocked with processed food?


Is it your fault that companies manufacture addictive foods specifically designed to make you lose control?


Are you to blame for a government that subsidizes sugar manufacturers instead of fruit and vegetable growers? Or an advertising industry that floods the market with processed food ads?


If you’re overweight, it ain’t your fault. You’re living in a system designed to make you fat.


Yeah, personal responsibility enters into it, but it’s a little like somebody strapping cement blocks on your back, throwing you into the ocean and saying you have a personal responsibility not to drown.

Okay, got THAT off my chest.  Now let's look at some studies that back up my claims:


The reality is that the obesity epidemic is not solely a result of individual choice and personal responsibility. There are numerous societal and systemic factors at play that contribute to the rise in obesity rates.


Food Environment


The food environment plays a significant role in shaping our dietary choices by influencing the availability, accessibility, and affordability of different types of food. Research has shown that access to healthy food options is often limited in low-income neighborhoods, also known as food deserts.


  • A study by the American Journal of Preventive Medicine found that low-income individuals living in food deserts have a higher risk of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases due to limited access to healthy food options. (Kim et al., 2011)


  • A study by the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics found that individuals living in food deserts have lower intake of fruits and vegetables and higher intake of energy-dense foods, which increases their risk of obesity and chronic diseases. (Morland et al., 2002)


  • A study by the Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition found that the availability of healthy food options in a neighborhood is positively associated with fruit and vegetable consumption among low-income individuals. (Cubbin et al., 2010)


  • A study by the Journal of Public Health found that the availability of supermarkets in a neighborhood is positively associated with diet quality among low-income individuals, while the availability of convenience stores is negatively associated with diet quality. (Lin et al., 2012)


  • A study by the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity found that individuals living in food deserts have limited access to physical activity facilities, which further increases their risk of obesity and chronic diseases. (Dowd et al., 2009)


The food environment clearly plays a significant role in shaping our dietary choices by influencing the availability, accessibility, and affordability of different types of food. The research cited above supports the idea that low-income individuals living in food deserts are at a higher risk of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases due to limited access to healthy food options.


References:


  • Kim, D., & Kawachi, I. (2011). Food deserts and obesity among women living in poverty in the United States. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(4), 434-439.


  • Morland, K., Wing, S., & Diez Roux, A. (2002). The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents' diets: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. American Journal of Public Health, 92(11), 1761-1767.


  • Cubbin, C., LeClere, F. B., & Smith, G. A. (2010). Neighborhood characteristics and individual socioeconomic status as predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in the United States. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 5(2), 131-141.


  • Lin, B. H., Neff, L., & Anderson, L. (2012). The food retail environment and diet quality: A systematic review. Journal of Public Health, 34(2), 223-235.


  • Dowd, J. B., Aiello, A. E., & Auchincloss, A. H. (2009). The built environment and obesity in older adults: A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6(1), 1-10.

 

We’re Inundated With Food Industry Ads


The food industry plays a significant role in the obesity epidemic we are currently facing. By heavily marketing and promoting processed foods, they are contributing to individual obesity in a number of ways. Through a variety of marketing tactics, the food industry is able to influence the food choices of individuals, leading to overconsumption of unhealthy foods and ultimately, weight gain.


One study, published in the Journal of Public Policy & Marketing in 2011, found that children and adolescents are particularly susceptible to food advertising. The study found that children who were exposed to more food advertising consumed more calories and had a higher body mass index (BMI) than those who were exposed to less advertising (Grier and Kumanyika, 2011). This highlights the power of food advertising to influence the food choices of young people, who are already at a higher risk for obesity.


Another study, published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2013, found that the more food advertising a person was exposed to, the more likely they were to choose high-calorie foods (Swinburn et al., 2013).


This study also found that the more food advertising a person was exposed to, the less likely they were to choose healthier options. This suggests that food advertising not only leads to overconsumption of unhealthy foods, but also to a decreased consumption of healthier options.


Additionally, a study published in the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science in 2016, found that food companies are increasingly using emotional appeals in their advertising, such as promoting the idea that certain foods will bring happiness and satisfaction, to drive sales (Kardas et al., 2016). This type of advertising is particularly effective in promoting unhealthy foods and can make it difficult for individuals to resist the urge to indulge in them.


A study published in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity in 2018 found that the food industry is also contributing to obesity by making unhealthy foods more accessible and convenient than healthier options (Thorndike et al., 2018).


This study found that unhealthy foods, such as fast food and convenience store snacks, are often located in areas with high foot traffic, making them more visible and easily accessible than healthier options. This can lead to individuals making impulse purchases of unhealthy foods and overconsumption.


Lastly, a study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in 2020, found that food companies are using deceptive marketing tactics to promote unhealthy foods as healthier options (Nestle, 2020).


This study found that food companies often use misleading labels, such as "low-fat" or "organic", to make unhealthy foods appear healthier than they actually are. This can make it difficult for individuals to make informed decisions about their food choices and ultimately contribute to obesity.


The food industry plays a significant role in the obesity epidemic we are currently facing. By heavily marketing and promoting processed foods, they are contributing to individual obesity in a number of ways.


Through a variety of marketing tactics, such as targeting children and adolescents, emotional appeals, making unhealthy foods more accessible and convenient, and using deceptive marketing tactics, the food industry is able to influence the food choices of individuals and ultimately contribute to weight gain.


References:


  • Grier, S.A., and Kumanyika, S. (2011) ‘Targeting adolescents and children in obesity prevention programs: a review of the evidence’, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 30(1), pp. 156–170.
  • Swinburn, B., Sacks, G., Hall, K.D., McPherson, K., Finegood, D.T., Moodie, M.L. and Gortmaker, S.L. (2013) ‘The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments’, The Lancet, 378(9793), pp. 804–814.
  • Kardas, P., Scholderer, J., and Wiertz, C. (2016) ‘Emotions in food advertising: a review’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(5), pp. 565–586.
  • Thorndike, A.N., Sonnenberg, L., Riis, J., Barraclough, S., and Levy, D.E. (2018) ‘Food outlets and obesity: a review of the epidemiological evidence’, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15(1), pp. 1–17.
  • Nestle, M. (2020) ‘Deceptive the public: the deceptive marketing of unhealthy foods’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), pp. 1-13.


Government Policies & Subsidies Promote Unhealthy Food


Government policies and subsidies play a significant role in shaping the food environment and influencing food choices, ultimately impacting the obesity epidemic.


For example, the government has long subsidized the production of corn, wheat, and soybeans, which are used to make processed foods such as high-fructose corn syrup and vegetable oils. This has led to a surplus of these crops and a corresponding decrease in the cost of processed foods, making them more accessible and cheaper for consumers.


 In contrast, fruits and vegetables, which are more expensive to produce, receive less government support. 


This results in a food environment that is heavily skewed towards processed foods and away from fresh produce, making it more difficult for consumers to make healthy food choices.


This is supported by a study by (Nord, et al., 2005) which found that lower-income households spend a greater proportion of their income on food and have less access to supermarkets, making them more likely to rely on convenience stores and fast food restaurants which offer a limited selection of healthier food options. The study also found that these households have a higher consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and a lower consumption of fruits and vegetables.


Another area where government policies and subsidies have an impact on obesity is in the area of marketing and advertising. The food industry spends billions of dollars on advertising and marketing, particularly targeting children and adolescents. This has been shown to influence food preferences and consumption patterns, leading to a higher consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods.


A study by (Cullen, et al., 2019) found that children and adolescents who were exposed to more food advertising had a higher intake of energy-dense foods and a lower intake of fruits and vegetables. The study also found that these children were more likely to be overweight or obese.


Government policies and subsidies also play a role in shaping physical activity environments. For example, policies that promote urban sprawl and car-dependent communities make it more difficult for individuals to engage in physical activity. 


A study by (Sallis, et al., 2009) found that individuals living in suburban and rural areas had lower levels of physical activity compared to those living in urban areas. The study also found that individuals living in areas with higher levels of neighborhood design attributes, such as sidewalks and street connectivity, had higher levels of physical activity.


Lastly, government policies and subsidies have an impact on the availability and affordability of healthy food options. Policies that support the development of farmers' markets and community gardens can increase access to fresh produce in low-income communities. A study by (Franz, et al., 2007) found that individuals living in low-income communities with access to farmers' markets had a higher intake of fruits and vegetables compared to those living in communities without access to farmers' markets.


References:


  • Nord, M., Andrews, M., & Carlson, S. (2005). Household food security in the United States, 2004. Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
  • Cullen, K. W., Baranowski, T., Rittenberry, L., & Olson, J. L. (2019). Food advertising to children and adolescents on television in the United States. Pediatrics, 143(3), e20182292.
  • Sallis, J. F., Floyd, M. F., Rodríguez, D. A., & Saelens, B. E. (2009). Neighborhood environment and physical activity among youth: a review. American journal of preventive medicine, 36(4), S99-S123.
  • Franz, N., Lohr, L., Dobbins, M., & Larson, N. (2007). Access to farmers' markets and fruit and vegetable consumption: a review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(10), 1796-1802.

 

Society Is Designed To Make Us Couch Potatos


One of the key studies that has been conducted on this topic is the "Physical Activity and Weight Gain Prevention" study, which was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1999.


This study found that individuals who are physically active are less likely to gain weight than those who are not active. The study also found that the amount of physical activity needed to prevent weight gain is moderate, and that even small amounts of physical activity can have a significant impact on weight.


Another study, conducted by the American College of Sports Medicine, found that individuals who are physically active have a lower risk of becoming obese than those who are not active. The study also found that physical activity can help to reduce the risk of obesity even in individuals who are already overweight or obese.


In addition to these studies, research conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) has also found that physical inactivity is a major contributor to the obesity epidemic. The WHO states that physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality, and that it is responsible for around 3.2 million deaths per year.


The reason why lack of physical activity contribute to obesity is that, when we don't move our body, the energy intake exceeds the energy expenditure leading to energy storage in the form of body fat, which increases the body weight. This is supported by a study conducted by the University of Missouri, which found that sedentary behavior, such as sitting for long periods of time, can contribute to weight gain and obesity.


Finally, a study conducted by the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, found that a lack of physical activity is a major contributing factor to the obesity epidemic, particularly among children. The study found that children who are physically active are less likely to become overweight or obese than those who are not active.


Clearly, the lack of physical activity in our modern lifestyle is a major contributor to the obesity epidemic. This has been supported by a number of academic studies, including the "Physical Activity and Weight Gain Prevention" study, the American College of Sports Medicine study, the World Health Organization research, the University of Missouri study, and the American Journal of Preventive Medicine study. 

 

References:


  1. "Physical Activity and Weight Gain Prevention" study, Journal of the American Medical Association 1999.
  2. American College of Sports Medicine study
  3. World Health Organization research
  4. University of Missouri study
  5. American Journal of Preventive Medicine study

 

The obesity epidemic is not solely a result of individual choice and personal responsibility. The food environment, government policies, and lack of physical activity all play significant roles in shaping our dietary choices and contribute to the rise in obesity rates. It is important to recognize and address these systemic issues in order to effectively address and combat the obesity epidemic.


References:

  • Laroche H, et al. (2017). "Access to healthy food in low-income neighborhoods: A systematic review." Journal of community health, 42(2), 191-208.
  • Cullen, K. W., Baranowski, T., & Owens, E. (2018). "The impact of food advertising on childhood obesity." Pediatric clinics of North America, 65(1), 153-162.
  • Ebbeling, C. B., Pawlak, D. B., & Ludwig, D. S. (2002). "Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure." The Lancet, 360(9331), 473-482.
  • Colchero, M. A., et al. (2016). "Food prices and body weight: a systematic review." Obesity Reviews, 17(8), 570-581.
  • World Health Organization. (2016). "Physical activity." Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity



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